
IMPORTANT AND INTERESTING ITEMS 

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HISTORY OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 


ELEVENTH EDITION WITH ADDITIONS, 


HENRY TUTTLE, PUBLISHER. 


NEWARK, N. J.: 

PRINTED BY M. S. HARRISON Sc (JO- 

18 3 9 = 




PREFACE. 

Having formerly been for some time engaged in teach- 
ing , the Author has seen the necessity of some study to fill 
up the interim between Geography and Arithmetic* It is 
true , that most children, being put at Arithmetic too early , 
acquire a distaste for it, because they do not understand 
it* This often discourages them, and ruins many who 
otherwise would have been good scholars. History , all 
will agree, may here be introduced to advantage. The 
present is simple and short, being barely the outlines of 
the history of our country. Its size and price will enable 
it to be purchased and studied by every person. With 
these reflections, it is commended to the notice of parents 
and teachers. He is more solicitous that a book of this 
kind should be adopted in our schools, than that this indi- 
vidual work should succeed merely because he is the 
author * The former editions having met with an imme- 
diate sale, ( the sixth edition, of five thousand, and the sev- 
enth of seven thousand five hundred copies, and the eighth 
of ten thousand copies, the ninth edition of five thousand 
■ >pies , the tenth edition often thousand copies,) the elev- 
c ith edition of five thousand copies is now offered. 

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HISTORICAL CATECHISM. 


ilas (he Continent of America boon known for a long time? 

No ; only about three hundred and forty six years. 

By whom was it discovered ? 

By Christopher Columbus. 

Was it not inhabited before ? 

Yes ; it was inhabited by savages, or Indians. 

Why did Columbus think of finding land on this side the ocean ? 

He found the bodies of two men on the shore, of a dif* 
ferent complexion from the natives of Europe, after the 
wind had been blowing from this way. 

To whom did he apply for ships and men to come with him to search for 
the American continent ? 

To his native country, Genoa ; to Henry VII. King 
of England ; and finally to Ferdinand and Isabella, King 
and Queen of Spain. ^ 

Who granted him a fleet of ships, and men and provisions ? 

Ferdinand and Isabella..*^ 

From what place did he set sail ? J‘ 

From Palos, in Spain, in the year 1492. 

What course did he sail? \ 

West. -• 

What singular event occurred ? . 

The needle in his compass, which had 
cd to the North, was seen to incline towards the West. "• 

’ j 

What did the men say to this ? , 

They feared that they should all perish, and threat- 
ened to throw their commander into the sea, if he would 
not return. 

What did he propose to them? 

That if they would continue on three days longer, and 
did not then find land, he would return. 

Did they find land before tiic end of three days ? 

They did ; on the third night, about midnight, they 
saw a light. 


formerly point- 


4 

WhatlslanH did they first discover? 

San Salvador. 

From what does the Continent, derive its name? 

From America Vesp ucius/N 

Had he a right to that honor ? 

No ; it properly belonged to Columbus, the first dis- 
coverer. 

Who attempted first to establish a settlement in America ? 

Jasper Cologni, the head of the Protestant sect in 
France. 

Who are Protestants? 

All who profess the Christian religion that are not 
Idol Worshippers. 

Where was the first settlement made in North America 7 

At Quebec, the capital of Canada, in LG08. 

Where was the first settlement made in the United States? 

At Jamestown, in Virginia. 

What principal man came over with the first settlers? 

Captain John Smith. 

Was he ever taken prisoner by the Indians? 

He was. 

Who saved his life ? 

Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian King. 

How did she do it? 

She interceded with her father to save his life, when 
the Indians were about to put him to death. 

Was she afterwards a friend (o the English? 

Yes ; when the Indians had laid a plan to destroy all 
the whites, she came a long journey to Jamestown on a 
dark and dreary night, and told Captain Smith. 

Wlmt became of her? 

She was carried to England, and married to a very 
respectable man by the name of Rolfe. 

Are any of her descendants living in Virginia ? 

Yes ; some of the most respectable families in the 
State, claim to be descendants from her. 

Was Captain Smith ever chosen President? 

Yes ; and he was the means of preserving the Colo- 
ny from the cruelty and treachery of the Indians. 

Were slaves introduced into Virginia soon after its settlement ? 

They were; but the people believed it to he inhuman 
to hold them, and did all in their power to prevent it. 


5 

What did the officers of the King do ? 

They favored the practice of transporting the wretch* 
ed negroes from their homes, and keeping them in 
bondage for their own convenience. 

Who were the first settlers in Massachusetts ? 

A Mr. John Robinson and a part of his congregation. 

Why did they come to this country ? 

That they might be allowed to worship God, in their 
own way, without being molested. 

Did they suffer many hardships ? 

Yes ; nearly half their number perished before the 
next Spring, from the cold and for want of food. 

Who came over soon after ? 

A company of Puritans. 

Why were they called puritans ? 

They were so called by their enemies, who ridiculed 
them for their strictness in religion. 

What was the cause of the first war with the Indians? 

The Indians feared that the whites would become so 
numerous as to overcome them. 

With what tribes was it carried on ? 

The Pequods and Narragansetts. 

Who of the Judges that condemned King Charles I. to death, came over to 
this country ? 

Whaley and Goffe, who lived and died here. 

How many towns and villages did New-England contain fifty years after the 
settlement at Plymouth? 

'One hundred and twenty towns, and as many thou- 
sand inhabitants. 

What were the causes of the wars with ihe Indians? 

They had sold their land to the white people, who had 
cleared it up and destroyed their game. 

Who was the leader in this war? 

Philip, a sachem of a tribe living within the bounda- 
ries of Plymouth and Rhode Island. 

What was his character? 

A fearless, ambitious, and desperate soldier as ever 
stood at the head of an army. 

Were many of the whites destroyed ? 

Yes ; they were often shot when they opened their 
doors in the morning, in their fields, and at church. — * 

A* 



6 

Many villages were burnt, and the people within killed 
or carried off by the Indians. 

Did the white people finally conquer the Indians 7 

Yes ; they killed one thousand warriors, and took 
three hundred prisoners. 

Was Philip killed ? 

Yes ; by one of his own men, whose brother he had 
shot for proposing to surrender to the whites. 

When was New- Hampshire made a separate eo lorry 7 

In the year 1680, 

What took place in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 ? 

The people believed that there were witches among 
them, who had the power of bewitching others. 

What was done with those who were supposed to be witches 7 

Nineteen persons were foolishly put to death, and 
many more were imprisoned. 

When was the first settlement made in New-Uampshire 1 

In the year 1623. 

How many persons met at Exeter to form a civil government! 

Thirty-five. 

Did this Colony suffer from Indian wars? 

Yes ; the town of Dover, and thefeettlement on Oyster 
river, suffered severely.'"’ ”■ v 

Who came over in 1719 l 

About one hundred families, mostly Presbyterians, 
from the North of Ireland. 

What did they bring with them? 

Potatoes, and the foot spinning-wheel. 

Who settled Hartford, in Connecticut? 

Rev. Mr. Hooker, and about one hundred men, wo- 
men, and children belonging to his congregation. 

Where did they go from? 

Cambridge, in Massachusetts. 

IIow long did they travel through the wilderness ? 

Two weeks. 

How did they subsist? 

On the milk of the cows they drove with them. 

Mail the Colony of Connecticut any wars with the Indians ? 

Yes ; they suffered as much, or more, than any others, 
from the Pequods. 


When was Yale College founded ? 

In the year 1708. 

From what does it derive its name ? 

From Elihu Yale, who made several donations to it. 

By whom was Rhode Island settled 1 

By Roger Williams. 

How did he obtain the lands of the Indians I 

By purchase. 

What was his character I 

A very benevolent man. He not only endeavored to 
do all the good he was able among the white people, but 
he learned the Indian language, and instructed and im- 
proved them. 

Did the Colony increase in population ? 

It did. 

What was the reason of it! 

Because his government tolerated all religions. 

What >vas the number of inhabitants in Joss than one hundred years alter it 
was settled l 

Eighteen thousand. 

How many in 1-6 years alter it was settled 1 

Forty thousand. 

When was Brown University founded 1 

In the year 1764. 

Who gave 5,000 dollars towards it 1 

Mr. Brown. 

Why did Williams call the place where he settled, Providence ? 

in gratitude to God lor directing and preserving him, 
and who had disposed the Indians to sell him land. 

By whom was New York discovered ? 

By Henry Hudson, who gave the name to the Hudson 
river. 

By whom was it first settled 1 

By the Dutch, in 1633. 

What was New York called by the Indians ? 

Manhatta. 

Whpnce do New Y ork and Albany derive their names'? 

From the Dukes of York and Albany. 

How long since New York was made a city ? 

About one hundred and sixty-three years. 

What were the negroes of New York accused of, a little before the Refold * 
f ionary War? 


8 


Of attempting to burn the city, and to make one of 
their number Governor. 

Were any pul to death? 

Yes ; fourteen were burned, eighteen were hung, and 
seventy-one were transported. 

Is it probable that they had any intention of burning the city ? 

It was not proved sufficiently clear to justify them in 
putting so many to death. 

W hen was George Clinton appointed Governor ? 

In 1743. 

By whom was New Jersey settled? 

By the Dutch, the Swedes, and Finns, in the year 
1624. 

Why was it called New Jersey ? 

After the Governor of the Island of Jersey, in England. 

Wliea Was Princeton College founded? 

In 1738. 

By whom was Delaware settled ? 

By the Swedes and Finns. 

What Was it called ? 

“ The Territories.” 

IIow was it governed for twenty years ? 

As a part of Pennsylvania. 

Who was the founder of Pennsylvania? 

William Penn. 

Why was this tract of land granted to him by theTi ing ? 

As a compensation for services which his father had 
rendered to the British nation. 

To what religious denomination did he belong ? 

To the Quakers. 

At what rate did he sell his land to the first settlers ? 

Twenty pounds for every thousand acres. 

How was it rented ? 

At one penny yearly, per acre. 

Did Penn always live in peace with the Indians? 

Yes ; he cultivated peace with them, and agreed to 
settle all their differences, by the judgments of men, 
chosen on both sides. 

What hind of government did he form ? 

A government calculated both to support the ruling 
authority, and protect the rights of the people. 


9 


Did Penn’s laws support morality? 

They did ; they expressly forbade any thing calcula- 
ted to make men cruel or wicked. 

For what are the Penmylvanians noted ? 

For industry, economy, and good order. 

Who firsl attempted a settlement in Maryland! 

A Lord Baltimore. 

Who was the first Governor! 

His son, Leonard Calvert. 

Who directed the affairs of the Colony for a long time! 

Cecil, his eldest son, a man of understanding and be- 
nevolence. 

Who first settled North Carolina? 

A few Virginians, who were persecuted for their 
religion. 

Whom did they request to form for them a Constitution 7 

The celebrated John Locke. 

Did the people receive it 1 

No ; it was too aristocratic for Republicans. 

What Indians did they have war with! 

The Tuscarora and Coree tribes. 

Where was the first place settled in South Carolina? 

Charleston. 

From what did it derive its name? 

King Charles II ; who then reigned in England. 

I Did this Colony suffer from Indian wars ? 

Yes; the Indians attempted to extirpate the whites, 
but they were finally vanquished. 

What were some of the peculiar laws of Georgia? 

That the lands should descend to the male children 
only ; they also prohibited the use of rum, and the 
importation of slaves. 

What celebrated Methodist preacher came over to Georgia? 

John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist society ; 
a pious and popular preacher. 

Who came over two years afterwards ? 

Rev. George Whitfield, one of the most eloquent and 
pious ministers the world ever produced. 

What did he attempt to do ? 

To found an Orphan Asylum, where poor children 
might be supported and educated. 


10 


With whom did tho Georgians have a war ? 

With the Spaniards. 

What did they soon begin to cultivate ? 

Rice and Indigo. 

What is the war called that took place in America, in 1756 ? 

The “ French War.” 

Whom was it between 7 

The French and English. 

Which side did tho Americans join 1 

The English. 

Why? 

Because they were under the British government. 

Where were the English settlements ? 

They occupied the whole coast on the Atlantic, from 
Newfoundland to Florida. 

Whero were the French settlements? 

On the river St. Lawrence, from its mouth to Mon- 
treal ; they also had some trading houses on Lake Onta- 
rio ; they also founded the city of New-Orleans, at the 
South. 

Wlmt was the cause of the war? 

They took some English traders prisoners, who were 
trading on the Ohio, and carried them to Canada. 

Whom did Governor Dinwiddio send as a messenger to the commander of 
the French army ? 

George Washington. 

What was his ago at this time ? 

Twenty-one years. 

IIow did he perform this duty? 

With great bravery and expedition. 

Was ho afterwards of service to the British army ? 

Yes ; he saved a great part of the army from being 
massacred by the Indians, when General Braddock was 
killed. 

Who was the British Commander? 

General Webb. 

Who was the French Commander? 

General Montcalm. 

What distinguished General was killed at Quebec? 

General Wolfe. 

When was peace concluded ? 

In the year 1763. 

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11 


What was lh«r result ? 

The French gave up to England all her Northern set 
tlements in America. 

What was the causa of the Revolutionary war ? 

The British nation attempted to impose unreasonable 
taxes upon the Colonies. 

What did they require? 

That the American Colonies should assist in defray- 
ing the expenses of the French war. 

Why did the Colomies refuse ? 

Because they had already borne their full part of the 
expense. 

Of what did the Americans complain as to the manner in which taxes wero 
imposed upon them ? 

That Great Britain desired to tax them without 
allowing them to be represented in Parliament. 

Was this unjust? 

Yes ; it was treating them as slaves rather than as 
freemen. 

How did they attempt to imposo a tax upon the Colonies ? 

By laying a tax upon the paper upon which notes and 
other obligations were written. , 

What Was this act called ? 

The Stamp Act. 

How did they oblige the Americans to use this paper ? 

They passed a law that no obligation should be valid 
in law, unless it was written upon stamp paper. 

Did the Colonists resist against the oppression ? 

Yes ; associations were formed in most of the States 
to resist this law, many of the houses of British officers 
were entered, and several of them resigned their offices. 

What title was given to. the Stamp Act, in New York? 

“The folly of England and t.he ruin of America.” 

On what articles did Great Britain lay a tax ? 

On teas, glass, & c. 

How was this resisted by the poople of Boston ? 

About twenty persons, in the dress of Mohawk Indi- 
ans, boarded a vessel in the Harbor, and threw three 
hundred and forty-two chests of tea into the ocean. 

Who was an able defender of the American rights in the British Parliament?' 

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 


near 


Where was the first battle fought ! 

On Breed’s Hill, (now called Bunker’s Hill,) 
Boston, in June, 1775. 

How many were killed and wounded of the respective parties! 

One thousand and fifty four of the British, and four 
hundred and fifty-three of the Americans. 

What distinguished man was killed ! 

Doctor Warren, a firm Patriot ; he had a few days 
before been elected Major General ; he was a man be- 
loved by all the advocates of freedom. 

Who was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American forces! 

George Washington ; he had been distinguished for 
his military skill and bravery in the French war, and 
was admired and beloved by his country. 

What was the result of the expedition against Canada ! 

It ultimately failed ; although in many instances, the 
greatest bravery was exhibited by the American soldiers. 

What difficulties did they encounter ! 

All the difficulties incident to travelling through a 
frozen and uninhabited country ; they were visited with 
famine and disease, and in almost every engagement 
were obliged to contend with an enemy far superior to 
them in numbers. 

What brave officer was killed ! 

General Montgomery, in attempting to storm the fort 
at Quebec ; one of the most daring enterprises that 
ever was undertaken by man. 

Was his death much lamented ! 

It was ; he was one of the most devoted friends of 
liberty. 

What were his parting words to his wife ! 

“ You shall never blush for your Montgomery.” 

Did Congress erect a monument to his memory! 

They did ; and his bones have since been removed to 
New York. 

Who were the Committee appointed by Congress to prepare a Declaration of 
Independence! 

Messrs. Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman and 
Livingston. 

When was it adopted ! 

On the 4th day of July, 1776, 


13 

What was the purport of it 7 

That they believed all men to be created equal ; that 
the conduct of the King and Parliament of Great Britain 
was purely tyrannical ; and that the united Colonies w’ere, 
and of right,ought to be, free and independent States. 

What entreprise did General Washington perform at Trenton ? 

With 2,400 men he crossed the Delaware river, sur- 
prised a body of Hessians, took 900 prisoners, and re- 
crossed the river, losing but nine of his own men. 

Who were victorious at Trenton and Trinceton ? 

The Americans. 

What brave officer was killed at Princeton 7 

General Mercer, and several others ; and Lieutenant 
James Monroe, afterwards President of the United 
States, was wounded. 

Who was sent to France to solicit assistance 7 

Doctor Franklin, and others. 

Did the French ministers assistthe Americans 7 

Yes ; they allowed arms to be taken from the public 
arsenals and conveyed to this country. 

What distinguished young nobleman came over to this country 7 

The Marquis de La Fayette ; he most disinterestedly 
volunteered his services, without pay, in the American 
cause. 

What was the fate of the British army under General Burgoyne 7 

After repeated battles, he surrendered his whole army 
to the Americans, under Genera] Gates, on the 17th of 
October, 1777. 

What effect had this victory upon the Americans 7 

It rejoiced and encouraged them. 

How were the British soldiers treated? 

As friends. 

Were the Americans equally victorious at Germantown ? 

No ; they unfortunately lost twelve hundred men, and 
the British lost but six hundred. 

Was this owing to want of valor in the American soldiers ? 

No ; the British, in their retreat, threw themselves into 
a large stone house, where they were safe themselves, 
and which enabled them to turn a most destructive fire 
upon the Americans. 


B 


VVliat was the state of the American army, under General Washington, at. 
the end of the year 1778? 

They were destitute of shoes, and might often ho 
tracked by the blood of their feet; yet such was their 
attachment to liberty, that they endured their sufferings 
without a murmur. 

What means did the British use to seduce Gen. Reed to persuade the Ameri- 
cans to give up the war, and again submit to the government of Great Britain ? 

They offered him ten thousand pounds, and any office 
which the King could give him in the Colonies. 

What was his answer ? 

“ I am not worth purchasing ; but such as I am, the 
King of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me.’’ 

What was the result of the battle of Monmouth ? 

The British retreated, and lost five hundred men, 
while the Americans lost three hundred. 

What was the conduct of General Gray, a British officer, at Tappan ? 

He refused all quarters to his prisoners, who cried 
for mercy. 

What was the result of the war, in the year 1778 ? 

The British had gained nothing in subduing the Colo- 
nies ; and the Americans continued to exert every nerve 
for their independence. 

What distinguished officer was killed at Savannah? 

Count Pulaski, a celebrated Polish nobleman ; who 
after despairing of liberty in his own country, gene- 
rously volunteered to acquire it for ours. 

What was the effect of General Sullivan’s expedition against the Indians in 
the western part of the State of New York ? 

He destroyed their houses and towns, and returned, 
losing but forty men. 

How many British prisoners were taken at Stony Point, on the Hudson river? 

Five hundred ; and fifty others were killed. 

Who was the Commander ? 

General Anthony Wayne. 

What was remarkable in this victory ? 

The Americans entered the Fort with fixed bayonets ; 
not having their guns loaded. 

What did Congress present to General Wayne? 

A gold medal. 

How did Congress pay their army ? 

In paper money. 


15 


Did this retain its value 1 

No ; thirty dollars became to be worth no more thair 
one in silver. 

Did this bear hard on the army ? 

Yes ; the pay of the highest officer was scarce suffi- 
cient to provide necessary clothing. 

What did General Arnold attempt to do at West Point ? 

To give up the American Fort to the British. 

Did he effect it? 

No ; the plot was revealed by the capture of Major 
Andre. 

What was done with Major Andre? 

He was hung as a spy. 

What did he offer his captors to release him ? 

A gold watch, and a purse of gold. 

Was it right to hang a man because he was a spy ? 

This is according to the law of nations. 

What was the result of the battle of Cowpens ? 

One hundred British were killed, and five hundred 
made prisoners. 

What was the result of the battle of Charleston ? 

The whole American Army was surrendered prisoners- 
of war. 

Was this owing to misconduct on the part of the Americans? 

No ; but the force of the enemy amounted to three 
times the number of the Americans. 

What was the conduct of the British Colonel Tarleton, at the Maxhaws? 

He barbarously refused quarters to the American sol- 
diers, when they cried for mercy. 

What effect had this, and other similar conduct of the enemy upon the minds* 
of the Americans? 

It only increased their hatred towards the British, 
and made them more resolved to procure their liberty or 
die in the attempt. 

What was the success of the American army under General Sumpter ? 

They defeated the enemy a number of times, and in 
one engagement only nine escaped out of three hundred. 

Were the British afterwards successful at the South ? 

They were ; and Cornwallis thought that he had 
suppressed every feeling of patriotism in that region of 
the country. 


16 


Was there any discontent in the American army at the close of the year 1780? 

There was ; the soldiers had doubtless just reason Or 
complaint ; they were not paid, or supplied with provis- 
ions, probably, even to an extent equal to the power of 
Congress. 

Did their sufferings induce them to give up the cause of their country 7 

No. 

What evidence is there that they remained true to their country 7 

Several British emissaries met them at Princeton, 
and offered them large rewards if they would enlist in 
the British service ; but they refused these offers. 

What did the United States do to relieve the sufferings of the soldiers 7 

They raised three months pay, and forwarded it to 
them in specie. 

Why was this better than if it had been to the same amount in notes 7 

The notes which Congress had issued had depreciated 
so much, that scarcely any one would receive them. 

Did any others, besides the army, suffer from the depreciation of the paper 
currency 7 

Yes ; as this was almost the only money in the country, 
many of the inhabitants had their whole property in it. — 
Many lost a part, ''and some their whole property by it. 

Was not this hard 7 

It was for many ; but we ought to consider that this 
was lost in a cause to which we owe our liberty. 

W T hat particular providence induced the Americans to believe that they were 
favored of Heaven 7 

At two several times, the rivers Catawba and Yadkin 
were rendered impassable by heavy falls of rain, when 
the British and American armies lay on opposite sides of 
them ; and when the British, being greatly superior, were 
endeavoring to overtake and destroy the Americans. 

What was the result of the battle of the 8th of September, 1781 7 

The loss was great on both sides. The Americans 
lost nearly 500, and the British 700 men. 

What act of cruelty did the British soldiery commit at Fort Griswold 7 

The British officer, after Colonel Ledyard had deliv- 
ered up his sword, with unparalleled meanness and cru- 
elty, plunged it into his bosom ; and this example was 
followed by his soldiers, with a slaughter of 120 Ameri- 
can soldiers, who wero supplicating for mercy. 


17 

What extraordinary victory was obtained on the 19th of October, 1781? 

Cornwallis surrendered his whole army, amounting to 
seven thousand men, as prisoners of war. 

Did the Americans there retaliate the cruelty and barbarity of the British at 
Fort Griswold ? 

No ; they generously spared each man, the moment 
he ceased to resist. 

How ought we to esteem the conduct of the American soldiery, com- 
pared with that of the British? 

When we consider the example which had so recently 
been set by the enemy, the conduct of the Americans 
appears magnanimous beyond description. 

What effect had this victory on the people of the United States ? 

They united in rendering, with grateful hearts, thanks- 
giving and praise to the Giver of all good, for the deci- 
sive victory which he had enabled them to gain. 

What effect did this victory have upon the British Parliament? 

This loss of a second entire army, extinguished the 
hope that they would be able to subject the Colonies. 

What effect had it upon some distinguished patriots? 

Some were so overjoyed that they were deprived of 
reason ; and one aged patriot in Philadelphia (the Door- 
keeper of Congress,) actually died of joy. 

Who were appointed ministers on the part of the United States to treat with 
the British Parliament? 

JohnAdams,Benj. Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens. 

Who was appointed on the part of the Parliament? 

Mr. Oswald. 

When was peace concluded ? 

On the 3d day of September, 1783. 

What was the result of the treaty ? 

The great object for which the patriots contended 
and in which they had embarked their lives, was fully 
attained. “ The independence of the States was ac- 
knowledged.” 

When was the American army disbanded ? 

In November, 1783. They then returned to their 
homes, and enjoyed, with their fellow-citizens, the liberty 
they had purchased with much labor and self-denial. 
General Washington, having resigned his office of Com- 
mander, retired to Mount Vernon, beloved and respected. 

B* 


18 

What was the cause of discontent in many, after the close of the war 7 

Many were deeply in debt, which discouraged com- 
merce. 

What did Congress apply to the States for power to do 7 

For the privilege of regulating commerce, and collect- 
ing a revenue for it. 

Which of the States refused 7 

New York. 

What did the State of Massachusetts attempt to enforce 7 

That the legislature should issue paper money, in 
order to enable the people to pay their debts. 

When was the Constitution of the United States formed 7 

A. Convention of all the States (except Rhode Island) 
met at Philadelphia, for the purpose, in 1787. 

Who was President of this Convention 7 

The venerable George Washington ; equally illustrious 
as a soldier and a statesman.' 

How long were they engaged in forming this Convention 7 

About four months. 

Was this an arduous task 7 4 

It was truly so ; it was no less than forming the rules 
by which a free people should govern themselves. 

Have posterity honored the labor of these veterans of the Revolution 7 

They have ; amid all the storms and factions of more 
than half a century, “ this Constitution” has stood like 
a venerable monument, revered and admired by all the 
friends of liberty. 

Of what is the government of the United States composed 7 

Of three parts, legislative, the executive, and judicial. 

Of what does the legislative department consist 7 

Of the Senate and the House of Representatives ; and 
is styled the Congress. 

How often is the Senate chosen, and by whom 7 

Once in six years by the State Legislatures. 

How often are themembors of the House of Representatives chosen, and by 
whom 7 

Once in two years, by the people. 

In whom is the executive power vested 7 

In the President. 

By whom, and for how long is he chosen 7 

He is chosen for four years, by electors, appointed as 
the Stale Legislatures shall prescribe. 


19 

What offices devolve upon the President by the Constitution 7 

He is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval 
forces ; he nominates to the Senate all officers of the 
general government ; and with the advice and consent 
of two-thirds of that body, ratifies treaties. 

What are the duties of the Vice-President"? 

He is chosen at the same time, and in the same man- 
ner as the President ; performs all the duties of Presi- 
dent when that office is vacant by death, resignation or 
removal, and is President of the Senate. 

Can the President, or either House of Representatives, pass a law of them- 
selves 7 

No ; both Houses must concur, and the President 
must approve of it. 

What if the President does not approve of a resolution passed by a majority 
of both Houses of Congress'? 

It cannot become a law, unless it is passed by two- 
thirds of both Houses. 

What powers are vested in Congress 7 

To declare war ; to raise and support armies ; to pro- 
vide and maintain a navy ; to lay and collect taxes, du- 
ties, imposts, and excises ; to regulate commerce ; to 
coin money ; and all other powers of a general and na- 
tional character. 

In what does the judicial power consist 7 

It is vested in a Supreme Court, and such inferior 
Courts as Congress may establish ; its authority extends 
to all cases of maritime jurisdiction, to all controversies 
between citizens of different States, and between for- 
eigners and citizens. 

Who was chosen first President "? 

George Washington. 

Who was elected Vice-President 7 

John Adams ; a distinguished civilian, patriot and 
statesman. 

Were Washington and Adams re-eleeted T 

They were. 

Who was the opposing candidate to Mr. Adams'? 

George Clinton, of New York. 

Who was appointed, in 1791, to lead the war against the Indiana 7 

General Wayne. 


20 


Did he effect a treaty ? 

He did ; one which was long and faithfully observed, 
and which secured peace to our Northern frontiers. 

Who wag chosen second President ? 

John Adams. 

Who was the opposing candidate? 

Thomas Jefferson. 

To what office was Mr. Jefferson elected 7 

To that of Vice-President. 

When did General Washington die 7 

On the 14th of December, 1799. 

How did Congress honor his memory 7 

The Speaker’s chair was shrouded in black, and the 
members wore black during the rest of the session. 

In what language was his character described ? 

“First in war ; first in peace ; and first in the hearts 
of his countrymen.” 

Who was elected third President? 

Thomas Jefferson. 

Who was elected Vice-President ? 

Aaron Burr. 

What was the number ol inhabitants in the year 1809? 

Five millions, three hundred and nineteen thousand, 
seven hundred and ninety-two. 

Who was the fourth President? 

James Madison. 

Was Mr. Madison re-elected ? 

He was. 

Who was the opposing candidate ? 

De Witt Clinton, of New York. 

When was war declared between Great Britain and the United States ? 

On the 18th of June, 1812. 

What were the causes of this war ? 

One principal cause was the habit of impressing citi- 
zens of the United States, and obliging them to serve 
on board British vessels. 

Was this practice continued for a long time ? 

Yes ; ever since the peace of 1783, and all remon- 
strances against it appeared in vain. 

What was another cause of this war ? 

Great Britain and France being at enmity, each had 

-4 


21 

passed laws which prohibited the United States, and 
other neutral nations, from trading with the other. 

Why was not war also declared against France ? 

Bonaparte revoked the decrees on the part of France, 
which prohibited the United States from trading with 
England. 

What were these decrees called? 

The Berlin and Milan decrees. 

Did Great Britain refuse to revoke the “ orders in council” which prohibited 
the United States from trading with France ? 

Yes ; although it was agreed by their minister, Mr. 
Erskine, that it should be done as soon as Bonaparte 
should revoke the “ Berlin and Milan decrees.” 

In what sense did these decrees of France and Great Britain affect the United 
States? 

It restrained commerce ; which injured very materi- 
ally, all who were engaged in it, and. produced a general 
stagnation of business of every kind. 

Where were the Americans most successful? 

On the ocean, and on the lakes ; although several vic- 
tories were obtained on land, the success was very va- 
riable. 

Who was appointed Commander in-Chief of our armies, in this war ? 

General Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 

What mortifying circumstance occurred in Canada? 

General Hull, who, it was hoped, would have conquer- 
ed the whole country, surrendered his army prisoners. 

Was he censured ? 

He was ; and justly, for his want of decision and en- 
ergy, if nothing more. 

How many British vessels -were captured during the first seven months of th® 
war ? 

More than five hundred. 

Where was the principal theatre of this war ? 

Canada. 

Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Erie? 

Commodore Perry. 

Did he obtain a victory over the British fleet ? 

He did ; and was much honored for his bravery, an 
well as the bravery of his men. 

Who was sent against the Southern Indians ? 

General Jackson. 


22 


YV as he victorious 7 

Yes ; after many bloody battles, in which the Indians 
fought with great desperation. 

What was done by Congress to meet the expOisos of the war 7 

The President was authorized to borrow twenty-five 
millions of dollars, and to issue Treasury notes to the 
amount of five millions. 

What contributed to render peace with Great Britain doubtful, unless on dis- 
advantageous terms 7 

There being an universal peace in Europe, England 
was enabled to bring all its forces to bear against us. 

What w r as the result of the battle of Chippewa 7 

The British were repulsed with the loss of 500. 

Who were victorious at the battle of Niagara 7 

The Americans gained the field, but they lost the 
greatest number of men. 

What was the result of the battle on Lake Champlain 7 

The Americans were decisively victorious, both on 
the lake and in the land army. 

What occurred in the city of Washington 7 

The city was captured by the British, and many of 
the public buildings were burnt ; an event, however, 
which was rather disgraceful to the enemy ; as a sense 
of honor generally spares the Capitol from destruction 
among civilized nations. 

What was the result of the battle of New Orleans 7 

Two thousand of the enemy were killed, while but 
seven were lost on the part of the Americans. 

On what terms was peace concluded 7 

The orders in council, the principal cause of the war, 
were repealed. 

When did this event take place? 

In December, 1814. 

Have the United States enjoyed peace ever since 7 

They have ; and they have less fear from enemies 
abroad, than from corruption at home. 

By whom was the government administered immediately after the war? 

By James Monroe; who was elected President, in 
1816, by a large majority over his competitor. 

Was Mr. Monroe re-elected ? 

Y es ; and by an unanimous vote of the electoral college. 


'SB* 

VViio succeeded him? 

John Quincy Adams; son of John Adams, a former 
President. 

What was remarkable in his election ? 

There were four candidates for the office ; neither of 
them having a majority of all the electoral votes, as is 
required by the United States’ Constitution, it devolved 
on the States, as represented in Congress, to make 
choice out of the three highest in votes. 

Who were these ? 

Andrew Jackson had 99 votes ; John Q. Adams had 
84 votes; Henry Clay had 37 votes; and William H. 
Crawford had 41 votes. The candidates, therefore, 
were Messrs. Jackson, Adams, and Crawford. Mr. 
Clay’s friends, generally, gave their weight and influ- 
ence to Mr. Adams, who was consequently elected. 

IIow long did he serve ? 

One term only, or four years. 

Who was his successor ? 

Andrew Jackson was elected by a large majority over 
Mr. Adams, his sole competitor. 

Who were General Jackson’s competitors at his re-election? 

Mr. Clay of Kentucky, the National Republican can- 
didate, and William Wirt, of Virginia, the Anti-Masonic 
candidate. 

What was remarkable in this election ? 

That though, in many of the States, the National Re- 
publican and Anti-Masonic parties made common cause 
by uniting their forces, yet the great popularity of Gen. 
Jackson secured his re-election, by a large majority. 

What was the state of public opinion towards General Jackson, immediately 
after his re-election ? 

The wisdom, energy, and prudence he displayed in 
relation to the threatened secession of South Carolina 
from the Union — and particularly his proclamation on 
that subject — united in his favor nearly all the “ good 
men and true ” of all parties, except the Nullifiers of 
South Carolina, and literally made him and his measures 
a tower of strength, and a pledge of the Union’s safety. 

Who was General Jackson’s successor ? 

Martin Van Buren, of New York. 


Who were his competitors ? 

General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio ; Hugh L. 
White, of Tennessee ; Daniel Webster, of Massachu- 
setts ; and William P. Mangum, of North Carolina. 
The latter of whom received only the electoral vote of 
South Carolina. 

What is remarkable in relation to the Presidents generally ? 

But three of the eight have had sons — the sixth is the 
son of the second, and the sixth is one of the three who 
have had male progeny. 

What of their length and activity of life ? 

All have lived to a good old age. Monroe was an ac- 
tive magistrate in his native State, till just previous to 
his death. Madison continued in that humble office 
until his death, which took place June 28th, 1836. J. Q. 
Adams is now an active and useful member of Congress. 

What has been remarkable in the death of those who have departed 1 

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died on July 
4th, 1826, exactly fifty years after the Declaration of 
Independence (framed by the first and advocated by the 
latter) had been adopted by the Revolutionary Congress. 
James Monroe also died on the 4th of July, 1831. 

From what part of Europe did most of the first settlers of America emigrate ? 

From Great Britain, the most enlightened country of 
the Eastern world. 

What was their object in coming to this country ? 1 

The establishment of civil and religious. liberty, which 
were denied to them in Europe. 

What were the governments of Europe ? 

Mostly Monarchical. 

What is a monarchical government 7 

When the country is ruled by one man, called a King 
or Emperor. 

What kind of government did the first emigrants to this country wish for 7 

One in which the people, or representatives elected by 
them, should hold the supreme power. 

What were the religious establishments of Europe 1 

They consisted of richly endowed establishments, in 
which the clergy were independent of the people, and 
mostly regardless of their spiritual good. 


25 

What kind of religious government did they wish? 

One which was more simple, in which men should be 
selected for ministers on account of their piety, and who 
should be supported by the benevolence of the people. 

How were estates generally divided ? 

The most of the property descended to the oldest son, 
by which the younger sons and daughters were often 
doomed to poverty, although descended from rich parents. 

Did they make a law different from this ? 

Yes ; property was divided equally among the children. 

Is the government of the United States sustained at less expense than that of 
Groat Britain ? 

Yes ; the salary of the King of Great Britain is 
nearly two millions, five hundred thousand dollars ; that 
of the President of the United States is but twenty. five 
thousand dollars, and the salaries of all inferior offi- 
cers of government nearly in the same proportion. 

What is the difference in the expense of the military peace establishments of 
Great Britain and the United States? 

Great Britain expends for this purpose thirty-four 
millions of dollars, while the United States expends but 
little more than five millions. 

What are the comparative taxes paid by the citizens of the several govern- 
ments ? 

While an Englishman or Irishman pays fifteen dol- 
lars, an American pays but two. 

What effect does this have upon the enterprize of the inhabitants ? 

While the industry of the one is checked by the thought 
that a considerable part of his labors must be expended 
for the support of government, the other feels that he is 
laboring for himself, his taxes being so small a conside- 
ration as not to affect him in the least. 

What is the employment of the greater proportion of the citizens of the Uni-' 
ted States ? . 

That of agriculture, to which they are invited by the 
fertility of the soil, and the abundance of land, 

What is the^roduce of the States ? 

Almost every vegetable which may be used for the food 

f man, and almost every material used in manufacture. 

What are the staple articles of the farmer? 

Wheat, rye, corn, flax, hemp, oats and potatoes ; and 


26 

his pastures, besides affording great quantities of butter, 
produce an abundance of fat cattle and sheep. 

Whore is the most wheat raised ? 

In the Middle and Western States. 

Where are cotton, rice and sugar cultivated ? 

In the Southern States. 

What is generally the character of the agricultural class? 

Industry, morality, and general intelligence. 

Has commerce added much to the wealth of the country ? 

It has very much. 

What other sources of profit arc enjoyed by the States ? 

The cod and whale fisheries. 

Are manufacturers encouraged to a considerable extent? 

They are mostly in the Eastern States, and in Penm 
sylvania. 

Are there any public works worthy of especial notice in the United States? 

There are many. 

Name a few of them. 

The National Turnpike, running through Maryland, 
Virginia and Ohio, by the United States’ government — 
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, by several of the 
State governments — the Pennsylvania Canals and Rail- 
Roads, by that State — Canal and Rail-Roads in several 
other States — and last, not least, Grand Erie Canal of 
New York. 

What of the Erie Canal? 

It connects the waters of Lake Erie, at Buffalo, with 
the waters of the Hudson, at Albany. 

What is the difference in height between those waters ? 

Lake Erie lies 550 feet above the level of the tide 
water in the Hudson. 

What is the length and general size of the Canal ? 

It is 360 miles in length, and its general dimensions 
are 40 feet wide at the top, 28 feet wide at the bottom, 
and having 4 feet of water. 

What of the tow path for the horses that draw the boats ? 

It is generally 10 feet wide, raised from 2 to 5 feet 
above the level of the Canal, and is fenced and bridged, 
where necessary, at the expense of the State. 

Arc there any long levols, or places whore it was not necessary to erect locks 
on this Canal ? 


27 

There is a level of 65 miles from Lockport to the 
Genesee river, and another of 69 1-2 miles from Syra- 
cuse to Frankfort, 9 1-2 miles East of Utica. 

How long was the State employed in constructing it 7 

It was begun in 1817, and its whole course was fin- 
ished in 1825. 

What was its cost 7 

Nine millions, twenty-seven thousand and fifty-six 
dollars. 

Who deserves the credit of carrying the work through by his energy, genius, 
and perseverance 7 

De Witt Clinton. 

What effect had this Canal on tire settlement of the country, through which 
it runs 1 

Lands, wild and worth but a mere trifle, were settled* 
cultivated, and became valuable farms — villages scarcely 
known, became depots for produce and rapidly increased 
into cities — and all along the Canal the wilderness was 
changed into busy, wealthy and neat villages, redolent 
with wealth and comfort. 

Is there any instance of the general improvement and prosperity worthy of 
notice 7 

Yes ; the city of Utica. 

When was it settled 7 

In 1789; by a few families only. 

What was its increase 7 

In 1794 it had increased to 20 families, living in a less 
number of houses — in 1813 it contained only 1,700 
souls — in 1820 it had a population of 2,972 — and at the 
present time upwards of 15,000. 

What of the land on which it stands, and in its vicinity 7 

From being a marsh, into which, in many places, a 
man might easily thrust a rail its full length, the land by 
cultivation, has settled, becomo firm and valuable, and 
all this before the stumps of the forest, in the city, have 
all decayed or been removed from it. 

Is the first house yet standing 7 

The first framed building is now a comfortable dwell- 
ing — the second is used as an out-building — one of the 
first settlers, the builder of the first brick house, the 
master builders of the oldest churches, .the man who 


28 

felled the timber for the erection of the first bridge 
(erected here) over the Mohawk, and the first president 
of the village, (1798,) were still living in 1831. 

What is the general amount of travelling centreing in Utica ? 

There are 92 mail arrivals ; 91 stage arrivals, and 
(during the season) 41 packet arrivals weekly, be- 
sides the private and common boat conveyances, which 
are very great. 

What is its literary character 1 

Besides its Lyceum, Medical and other Associations, 
and 33 schools, it has 5 or 6 bookstores, 9 printeries, 
employing about 20 presses, and issuing about 90,000 
periodical papers every month. 

What of the laws and institutions of the United States ? 

Being devised by the people, immediately through their 
representatives, they were intended for the benefit of the 
people. Every institution is more popular in its form, 
less aristocratic or exclusive than similar ones in Europe. 
The laws are milder, better calculated to reform, and less 
liable to gratify the malice or cruelty of the revengeful. 

How many crimes are yet punished with death ? 

By the United States’ laws, treason and robbery of 
the mail are punished with death. 

What of the several States? 

They differ ; in Pennsylvania, but one crime (murder 
in the first degree) is thus punished — in New York, two 
(murder and arson) are thus punished — and in some of 
the States even five crimes are punished with death. 

How is it, in this respect, in Great Britain ? 

Crimes that here are punished with imprisonment for 
a few years, are there expiated by death only. 

What is the effect of such severity in the laws ? 

Of the criminals found guilty, but very few sutler, 
owing to the superior humanity of the people over their 
laws ; thus the punishments are uncertain, and crime is 
encouraged. 

What facts warrant this belief ? 

The increase of crime in England with the increase 
of their sanguinary laws ; and the decrease of crime in 


this country, as our laws decrease in severity and in- 
crease in certainty. 

What effect have severe laws on persons other than the criminals? 

They excite a spirit of brutality and inhumanity, or 
on the other hand, a feeling of such commiseration for 
the sufferer, as to destroy, in a great measure, the bene- 
ficial tendency of the same. 

Then the abolition of the whipping-post, stocks and pillory was beneficial to 
the community ? 

Decidedly so ; for as these did not lessen crime, but 
brutalized the feelings of the vulgar, and shocked the 
humanity of the good, their abolition was harmless to 
the criminal, and a great benefit to all others. 

What is the difference between the system of education in the United States 
and Great Britain ? 

The Universities of Great Britain are accessible only 
to the rich, while in the United States every effort has 
been made to bring a good education within the reach 
of all. 

Have the legislatures of the different States endeavored to promote this object? 

Yes ; many of them have appropriated considerable 
funds for the support of schools. 

How are schools supported in Massachusetts ? 

A law was passed as early as 1647, that a school 
should be supported by a public tax, in every town con- 
taining fifty families. 

What is the School Fund of Connecticut ? 

One million, seven hundred thousand dollars. 

How is the money appropriated? 

It is distributed in the several school districts, accord- 
ing to the number of scholars that attend the school. 

What has been the effect of this system ? 

Scarcely a person can be found not qualified by edu- 
cation to contract the common business of life. 

Is there any noted free school in this State ? 

Yes ; Bacon Academy, at Colchester. 

When was this school founded ? 

In the year 1800. 

From whence does it derive its name ? 

It is named after its benefactor and founder, Mr, 


30 

Pierpont Bacon, who gave thirty-five thousand dollars 
for its support. 

What branches are taught in the school? 

All the higher branches of an English education. 
This institution has ever been considered one of the 
most , respectable and flourishing in the State. 

Who is its present principal? 

Mr. Myron N. Morris, a very able and competent 
person. 

What is the School Fund of New York ? 

In the year 1820 it amounted to 1,215,000 dollars. 

Have any provisions been made to increase this fund ? 

Yes; the unsold and unappropriated lands of the 
State when disposed of, are to be devoted to the same 
laudable purpose. 

What will probably be the amount of these lands ? 

About one million more. 

How many children were taught in Common Schools in tho year 1821 ? 

Three hundred and thirty-three thousand ; a number 
nearly equal to all the children in the State between the 
ages of five and fifteen years. 

How many in the year 1823 ? 

Four hundred thousand. 

What is done for the education of children in Virginia ? 

Although their School Fund is of recent origin, and 
its income small, yet most of the rising generation are 
instructed in private schools by domestic teachers, yet 
these schools do not provide for the education of the poor. 

Has the national government made provision for the support of Schools ? 

Yes ; in offering their public lands for sale, they have 
made a reservation, in every township, of 640 acres for 
the support of schools. 

IIa3 much benefit as yet arisen from them ? 

No ; but they promise to be powerful auxiliaries when 
the new States shall become more thickly settled. 

Are there many schools of higher order? 

In the New-England States almost every town fur- 
nishes an Academy, many of which have considerable 
funds, extensive libraries, and other apparatus. 

What sciences are taught in Academies ? 


31 


English Grammar, Composition, Rhetoric, History, 
Philosophy, Chemistry, Mathematics and the Latin and 
Greek languages ; they are considered as schools prepar- 
atory to a collegiate course, yet many of these being 
taught by those who have obtained degrees, all the sci- 
ences are taught that are usually required in the Colleges 
themselves. 

la the Academy at Exeter, in New-Hampshire, richly endowed? 

Yes ; its funds amount to 80,000 dollars ; its library 
contains 700 volumes, and it has a handsome philosophi- 
cal apparatus. 

Which is the oldest Co’leje in the United States ? 

Harvard College, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

When was it founded ? 

In the year 1638; only 18 years after the first set- 
tlement at Plymouth ; an evidence of the high reputa- 
tion in which learning was held by the early settlers of 
this country. 

From whom did it derive its name ? 

From Rev. John Harvard, one of the principal 
founders. 

What was the number of graduates in the first class ? 

Nine. 

What is its present state ? 

In 1824 its faculty consisted of a President and 20 
Frofessors ; its library contains 25,000 volumes. 

To what is its prosperity owing ? 

Principally to the learning and zeal of its able Pro- 
fessors. 

When was Yale College founded ? 

It was first established at Saybrook, but in 1716 it 
was removed to New-Haven, in Connecticut. 

Who was its principal founder? 

Mr. Eiihu Yale, a merchant in London, who made it 
a donation of four thousand dollars. 

Who was another of its distinguished patrons ? 

Bishop Berkley, the celebrated metaphysician ; he 
gave to the library about 1,000 volumes, and a farm in 
Newport, renting for 240 bushels of wheat annually. 

Whence has it derived its other icsources ? 


32 

Some from the State of Connecticut, and from dona- 
tions from individuals. 

Is it at present in a flourishing state ? 

Its library consists of 9,000 volumes ; its faculty con- 
sists of a President and 11 Professors, and the number 
of students nearly 400. 

Is it a highly valuable literary institution 1 

Among the most so in the Union ; it has ever had dis- 
tinguished men for its Presidents, among whom was the 
late Dr. Dwight, the champion and honor of his age as 
a scholar and divine. 

What is the whole number of Colleges and Universities authorized to confer 
d egrees 1 

Fifty. 

What are the sciences taught ? 

The English, Latin and Greek languages, Rhetoric, 
Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Logic, Chemistry, 
Astronomy, History and Geography ; in some of them 
are also taught the Hebrew, Oriental and Modern Euro- 
pean Languages, Anatomy, Surgery, Medicine, Botany, 
Polite Literature, Divinity, Ethics, Natural and Muni- 
cipal Law, Politics and Elocution. 

What are the principal seminaries of learning in New York ? 

Columbia College in the city ; University of -New- 
York, also in the city; Union College, Schenectady; 
Hamilton College, Clinton, Oneida co. ; Geneva College, 
Geneva ; the Baptist Seminary, at Hamilton, the Metho- 
dist Seminary, at Cazenovia ; besides many other insti- 
tutions of less note, but perhaps equal excellence. 

These are under the patronage of some denomination of Christians ; is there 
none which is equally open to all of every sect, without requiring conformity to 
the doctrines or attendance on the worship of any in particular 1 

There is one located at Clinton, Oneida co. which is 
truly literary in its object, and unsectarian in its regu- 
lations. 

What was it called, and when was it commenced ? 

It is to be known by the style and title of The Clinton 
Liberal Institute — and was commenced fully in both the 
male and female departments in 1831. 

Which is probably the largest female Seminary in New York ? 

Mrs. Willard’s, situated on the public square in the 


33 

city of Troy. It is a plain, but spacious brick edifice, 
and has acquired considerable celebrity, not only 
throughout the United States, but also abroad. 

What is the general number of its pupils ? 

About two hundred young ladies from different parts 
of this, and occasionally from foreign countries, usually 
attend here and receive the advantages of an accom- 
plished education, under the auspices of Mrs. Willard, 
the principal and founder of the school. 

Is there any other distinguished Female School in this city ? 

Yes ; there is one other, under the supervision of Mrs. 
M. Richards and her daughters, kept in the 4th Ward. 
This School is also deservedly popular ; it contains about 
150 scholars and is, under its present judicious manage- 
ment, rapidly increasing in public favor. 

Is Troy a considerable place 7 

Its location at the head of the sloop navigation on the 
Hudson — and also near the junction of the Champlain 
and Erie Canals, renders its trade considerable. 

What was its population in 1810? 

About three thousand eight hundred souls. 

What in 1820? 

About five thousand three hundred. 

What at the present time ? 

.Nearly 20,000. 

What is the character of its merchants ? 

They are noted for enterprise, industry and intelligence. 

Have they any trade besides that of the river and Canals ? 

Yes ; considerable with Vermont and Massachusetts. 

What is the character of its inhabitants generally ? __ . 

As there are many good schools here, and the place is 
pleasantly located, Troy is the favorite residence of many 
families of retired habits and competent fortunes ; of 
course the society is of a high moral and literary char- 
acter. 

Is there any other school of note here ? 

Yes ; the Van Rensselaer School is located here. 

For what sex is it intended ? t 

For Young Men. 

Is there any branch of education which docs not receive its appropriate shar* 
of attention in tho United States ? 


/ 


34 

That of Elocution ; although it is attended to in a 
degree, yet it is manifest that the attention paid to it is 
far below its importance in the scale of education. 

What grade of attention ought to be paid to the art of speaking? 

It ought evidently to receive the first attention. 

What reason can be given for this ? 

As the majority who receive an education are expected 
to become public speakers, any person of the least ob- 
servation must see the importance of this qualification. 

Have the most eminent and useful men bestowed particular attention upon 
this branch of education ? 

They have ; many instances could be given of this. 
Demosthenes, of Greece ; Cicero, of Rome ; Pitt, of 
England ; Mr. Ames and others, of our own country, 
will ever grace the temple of fame ; while hundreds of 
others, who might have possessed all their other attain- 
ments, have lived and died in obscurity. 

Has the remark often been made that the United States have produced no 
eminent scholars ? 

It has. 

Is this just ? 

It is doubtless true, when compared with a few orna- 
ments of the old world. 

Have we any historians equal to Hume or Robertson ; any poets equal to Mil- 
ton or Pope ; any chemists equal to Levoiser or Davy ; or any metaphysicians 
equal to Locke, Berkley or Reid ? 

We have not, — who equal these eminent luminaries ; 
but very few of such men are furnished by any nation. 

Does this fact argue any thing against our national character ? 

It does not ; it must be recollected that our country is 
yet in its infancy ; that for a great while it was either 
struggling against oppression, or under the embarrass- 
ments occasioned by the struggle for its independence, 
and that it has not had ability to endow institutions of 
learning equal to those of our mother country. 

Is it, however, true that we have none who have distinguished themselves for 
science ? 

This is not true, by any means; we can probably 
boast of as many men, in proportion to our population, 
who have a liberal knowledge cf the Languages, Phi- 
losophy and Mathematics as Great Britain. In addition 
to this fact even in the infancy of our country, there is 


35 

undoubtedly altogether more information among the 
middle and lower classes of society than among the same 
classes there. 

Is America able to compete, in any degree, with Great Britain, in point of im- 
portant discoveries in the usef ul arts ? 

In really important discoveries we probably equal 
them. 

What are some of the important discoveries of which the English may boast ? 

Mr. Arkwright invented the spinning-wheel ; Wor- 
cester, Newcoman and Watt, substituted steam for wind 
and water in propelling the machinery of manufactories. 

What are some of tho important inventions of the Americans 1 

Mr. Godfry invented the Mariner's Quadrant ; Frank- 
lin invented the rod which protects our houses from light- 
ning ; Whittemore invented the machine for making 
cards; Whitney invented the Gin for cleaning cotton; 
Perkins invented the nail machine, and Fulton applied 
the power of steam to purposes of navigation. 

Have the United States furnished any historians of merit? 

The Histories of Marshall, Barnsey, Belknap, Wil- 
liams, Mrs. Willard of Troy, New-York, and the annals 
of Holmes, are works of sterling merit, and some of 
them, in point of style and as affording useful and in- 
structive matter, are inferior to no others. 

What was the character of Dr. Franklin as a writer ? 

Probably no uninspired man has ever furnished more 
important advice applicable to the ordinary concerns of 
life. 

Have we any distinguished novelists ? 

Brown and Cooper are probably not exceeded by any. 

Have we any distinguished theologians ? 

Hopkins, Dwight, Lathrop, Davis, Kollock, Buck- 
minster, Beecher, Taylor, Chaunceyand Channingare 
deservedly eminent. The theological works of Dr. 
Dwight have obtained the most favorable notices and 
recommendations from the British themselves, and are 
read and approved by many of their most eminent divines. 

Have we not one who stands even before these ? 

Yes ; the works of Dr. Edwards probably are inferior 
to none of the kind in the world. The greatest and b esi 



of men here and on the 0 028 352 407 3 

him only in terms of unqualified fespect. 


of 


Have we furnished any distinguished political writers? 

We have a number, of which no country need to be 
ashamed ; we will, however, mention but one, of whom 
we think that we may justly boast — the late Thoma* 
Jefferson. 



